2008 Final Exam Practice Test

Name:

Matching

Match the terms to the descriptions.

A.	salon	F.	Montesquieu
B.	Thomas Jefferson	G.	rococo
C.	Diderot	H.	George Washington
D.	George III	I.	Adam Smith
E.	baroque	J.	popular sovereignty

light and delicate artistic style popular during the reign of Louis XV

principle that all government power comes from the people

proposed the idea of separation of powers in government

his government made policies that helped bring about the American Revolution

argued that the forces of supply and demand in a free market can regulate business activity

informal social gathering where Enlightenment thinkers exchanged ideas

helped spread Enlightenment ideas by compiling articles by leading thinkers into a 28-volume work

chosen to command the American forces during the American Revolution

principal author of the Declaration of Independence

10.

grand, ornate style of art and architecture popular during the age of Louis XIV

Match the terms to the descriptions.

A.	Robespierre	F.	bourgeoisie
B.	Napoleonic Code	G.	guerrilla warfare
C.	Marquis de Lafayette	H.	guillotine
D.	Continental System	I.	Olympe de Gouges
E.	ancien régime	J.	plebiscite

11.

executed for demanding equal rights for French women

12.

French middle class

13.

war tactic in which Napoleon closed European ports to British goods

14.

popular vote by ballot

15.

war tactic involving hit-and-run raids

16.

group of laws that reflecting Enlightenment principles

17.

head of the French National Guard who fought alongside George Washington

18.

one of the main leaders in the Reign of Terror

19.

the old order in which France was divided into three social classes

20.

method for carrying out executions during the Reign of Terror

Match the terms to the descriptions.

A.	turnpike	F.	Robert Owen
B.	enterprise	G.	anesthetic
C.	tenement	H.	urbanization
D.	James Watt	I.	entrepreneurs
E.	proletariat	J.	Jeremy Bentham

21.

those who manage and assume the financial risk of new businesses

22.

utopian socialist who set up a model community in New Lanark, Scotland

23.

British philosopher and economist who advocated utilitarianism

24.

the working class

25.

the movement of people to cities

26.

a business organization in areas such as shipping, mining, or factories

27.

a private toll road

28.

a drug that prevents pain during surgery, patented by a dentist

29.

an apartment building for the working class

30.

improved the steam engine in the late 1700s

Match the terms to the descriptions.

A.	temperance movement	F.	Ludwig van Beethoven
B.	urban renewal	G.	Guglielmo Marconi
C.	Alfred Nobel	H.	women’s suffrage
D.	Claude Monet	I.	stock
E.	Louis Pasteur	J.	standard of living

31.

established a link between microbes and disease

32.

invented the radio

33.

reform movement concerned with voting rights

34.

a measure of the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society

35.

invented dynamite, a safer form of explosive than others at that time

36.

impressionist painter who relied on the viewer’s eye to blend brush strokes into patches of color

37.

romantic composer who was the first to take full advantage of the broad range of instruments in the modern orchestra

38.

shares of ownership in a corporation

39.

advocated limiting or banning the use of alcoholic beverages

40.

rebuilding poor areas of a city

Match the terms to the descriptions.

A.	social welfare	F.	zemstvo
B.	pogrom	G.	emigration
C.	Francis Joseph	H.	Giuseppe Garibaldi
D.	kaiser	I.	Ferenc Deák
E.	Duma	J.	anarchist

41.

leader of the “Red Shirts”

42.

local, elected assembly in Russia

43.

an important safety valve that relieved social tensions in Italy

44.

a person who wants to abolish all government

45.

elected national legislature in Russia

46.

government programs to help certain groups of citizens

47.

helped create the Dual Monarchy

48.

violent mob attack against Jews

49.

inherited the Hapsburg throne at age 18

50.

title of William I of Germany

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

51.

What rules discoverable by reason did Enlightenment thinkers try to apply to the study of human behavior and society?

A.	natural right	C.	natural law
B.	social contract	D.	divine right

52.

In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that women and men should have equal

A.	property rights.	C.	voting rights.
B.	education.	D.	employment opportunities.

53.

Physiocrats supported a government policy of

A.	laissez faire.	C.	mercantilism.
B.	tariffs.	D.	trade regulation.

54.

Enlightenment writers often faced censorship because they

A.	wrote fiction.	C.	supported traditional ideas.
B.	challenged the old order.	D.	wrote in salons.

55.

Which enlightened despot traveled among the peasants in disguise to learn about their problems?

A.	Catherine the Great	C.	Frederick the Great
B.	Maria Theresa	D.	Joseph II

56.

American leaders gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 to revise

A.	the Magna Carta.	C.	the Articles of Confederation.
B.	the Bill of Rights.	D.	the Declaration of Independence.

57.

According to Thomas Hobbes, the best form of government is

A.	a federal republic.	C.	a theocracy.
B.	a democracy.	D.	an absolute monarchy.

58.

The system of checks and balances in the United States Constitution was influenced by the ideas of which Enlightenment thinker?

A.	Montesquieu	C.	Rousseau
B.	Voltaire	D.	Diderot

59.

Diderot’s Encyclopedia was important because it

A.	compiled classical Greek and Roman works.
B.	spread Enlightenment ideas.
C.	was the first publication printed with moveable type.
D.	was the first publication to include articles by women.

60.

Economist Adam Smith argued that, in a free market, business activity would be regulated by the forces of

A.	wages and prices.	C.	supply and demand.
B.	saving and investment.	D.	manufacturing and trade.

61.

During the Enlightenment, what argument did government and church officials use to justify their war of censorship?

A.	A strict class system ensures social justice.
B.	The old order reflects natural law.
C.	God set up the old order.
D.	The old order respects Roman tradition.

62.

Which of the following British laws imposed taxes on such items as newspapers and pamphlets in the American colonies?

A.	Stamp Act	C.	Declaratory Act
B.	Navigation Act	D.	Sugar Act

63.

Which of the following was an advantage of the colonists in the American Revolution?

A.	large money resources for military supplies
B.	a large number of trained soldiers
C.	allies among Native Americans and enslaved people
D.	diverse geography

64.

The idea of separation of powers in the Constitution was borrowed from Enlightenment thinker

A.	Voltaire.	C.	Rousseau.
B.	Locke.	D.	Montesquieu.

65.

Which book stated that only freely elected governments should impose control on people?

A.	Leviathan	C.	The Critique of Pure Reason
B.	The Social Contract	D.	The Wealth of Nations

66.

What is the purpose of the Bill of Rights?

A.	to place the ideas of Thomas Hobbes in the Constitution.	C.	to recognize that the people have rights the government must protect.
B.	to limit the rights of individuals and strengthen the government.	D.	to recognize that states have special rights.

67.

In France’s old order, the clergy belonged to the

A.	First Estate.	C.	Third Estate.
B.	Second Estate.	D.	Fourth Estate.

68.

One important result of the Estates-General was

A.	tax reform.	C.	an agreement to close the Bastille.
B.	the National Assembly.	D.	the abolishing of serfdom.

69.

When the new National Convention met in 1792, what form of government did the radicals create?

A.	a constitutional monarchy	C.	a dictatorship
B.	a republic	D.	an absolute monarchy

70.

What war tactic helped the Russians defeat Napoleon?

A.	scorched-earth policy	C.	Waterloo Strategy
B.	Continental System	D.	blockades

71.

Participants in the Tennis Court Oath swore to continue meeting until they were able to bring about

A.	a reduction in taxes.	C.	a just constitution.
B.	the overthrow of Louis XVI.	D.	the fall of the Bastille.

72.

What form of government did the National Assembly create with the Constitution of 1791?

A.	an absolute monarchy	C.	a theocracy
B.	a republic	D.	a limited monarchy

73.

Robespierre believed that France could achieve a “republic of virtue” only through

A.	extending suffrage to more citizens.	C.	the use of terror.
B.	electing a strong, absolute ruler.	D.	observing strict religious laws.

74.

After overthrowing the Directory in 1799, Napoleon and his followers set up a three-man governing board called the

A.	Revolutionaries.	C.	Convention.
B.	Assembly.	D.	Consulate.

75.

Under the Napoleonic Code

A.	men regained complete authority over their wives.
B.	most Enlightenment principles were abandoned.
C.	the practice of religion was banned.
D.	many aspects of feudalism were restored.

76.

The Continental System was a form of

A.	government.	C.	social class system.
B.	economic warfare.	D.	oppression through terror.

77.

A major goal of the decision makers at the Congress of Vienna was to

A.	restore the sans-culottes to power in France.
B.	divide France among the victors.
C.	suppress revolutionary uprisings throughout Europe.
D.	destroy Napoleon’s forces at Waterloo.

78.

How did the National Assembly hope to pay off the national debt?

A.	by borrowing money	C.	by taxing bread
B.	by selling royal palaces	D.	by selling Church lands

79.

How were sans-culottes different from Jacobins?

A.	They were radicals; Jacobins supported the king.	C.	They demanded a republic; Jacobins wanted a limited monarchy.
B.	They were working-class; Jacobins were middle-class.	D.	They were middle-class; Jacobins were working-class.

80.

Why did the revolutionaries want to abolish the monarchy?

A.	They wanted to establish the French Republic.	C.	They disliked the king’s criticism of Robespierre.
B.	They knew the king supported the Reign of Terror.	D.	They thought the king was a threat to Napoleon’s rule.

81.

Which of the following took place in revolutionary France?

A.	The king became a constitutional monarch.	C.	Women gained the right to vote.
B.	Nationalism replaced loyalty to rulers.	D.	State schools were replaced by religious ones.

82.

Which of the following helped Napoleon rise to power?

A.	his great speaking ability	C.	his military successes
B.	his strong belief in republican government	D.	his revision of the tax laws

83.

The chief goals of the Congress of Vienna were to

A.	make Vienna the capital of Europe and restore peace.	C.	promote legitimacy and increase trade on the Rhine River.
B.	preserve peace through a balance of power and restore monarchies.	D.	strengthen the British navy and create a balance of power in Europe.

84.

The cotton gin was a machine that could

A.	spin thread.	C.	remove insects from raw cotton.
B.	weave thread into cloth.	D.	separate seeds from raw cotton.

85.

The first factories developed in what industry?

A.	textiles	C.	coal mining
B.	agriculture	D.	iron manufacturing

86.

The Luddites were a

A.	new religious movement.	C.	labor organization.
B.	political party.	D.	secret socialist group.

87.

Thomas Malthus discouraged vaccinations because

A.	he feared that vaccinations would cause disease.
B.	disease was a natural means of population control.
C.	vaccinations were not yet effective enough to control disease.
D.	vaccinations were too expensive for the poor.

88.

Karl Marx despised capitalism because he believed that it

A.	limited the individual freedoms of the people.
B.	created prosperity for a few and poverty for many.
C.	discouraged labor unions.
D.	prevented government from protecting workers.

89.

Abraham Darby made better quality iron by

A.	using charcoal to smelt the iron.	C.	using steam to smelt the iron.
B.	using oil to smelt the iron.	D.	using coal to smelt the iron.

90.

The putting-out system was a method of

A.	removing iron from its ore.	C.	producing cloth in individual homes.
B.	separating seeds from cotton.	D.	spinning thread with water power.

91.

The people who lived in tenements in industrial cities were part of the

A.	bourgeoisie.	C.	middle class.
B.	upper class.	D.	working class.

92.

Most early factory workers were women because

A.	more women than men sought employment.
B.	employers could pay women less than men.
C.	women were less likely than men to have accidents.
D.	women were more willing than men to work long hours.

93.

Which of the following was a long-term result of the Industrial Revolution?

A.	a general decline in the standard of living
B.	the overall poverty of the working class
C.	a general rise in the standard of living
D.	an overall decline in population

94.

According to laissez-faire economists, the cure for poverty was

A.	welfare.
B.	laws requiring factories to increase wages.
C.	popular reform movements.
D.	an unrestricted free market.

95.

Which group established communities where all work is shared and all property is owned in common?

A.	Communists	C.	Utopians
B.	capitalists	D.	Utilitarians

96.

Which statement best describes the Industrial Revolution?

A.	Important inventions suddenly changed life all across Europe.	C.	The method of production changed, from machines to hand tools.
B.	There was a gradual change in the way people lived and worked.	D.	It completely destroyed farming and agriculture and created industry.

97.

The Industrial Revolution began in

A.	France	C.	Britain
B.	the United States	D.	the Netherlands

98.

How did theEnclosure Movement in Britain affect small farmers?

A.	Farms became less productive.	C.	The number of small farmers shot up from 5 million to 9 million.
B.	Farmers learned to use steam power to harvest crops.	D.	Many farmers lost farms and had to move to cities for work.

99.

For what two reasons did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?

A.	Britain lacked natural resources and steam power.	C.	Britain was able to grow cotton, and had a stable government.
B.	Britain had falling prices and cheap transportation.	D.	Britain had plentiful natural resources and easy access to the sea.

100.

The flying shuttle and the spinning jenny were technological advances in

A.	transportation.	C.	the textile industry.
B.	steam-power generation.	D.	the shipping industry.

101.

In the transportation industry, steam power was used to operate

A.	bridges	C.	canals
B.	flying shuttles	D.	locomotives.

102.

Those who benefited most from the Industrial Revolution were

A.	entrepeneurs.	C.	farm workers
B.	women and children.	D.	the working class.

103.

Luddites, who smashed machines in Britain, were groups of

A.	rural workers	C.	miners
B.	textile workers	D.	missionaries

104.

Thomas Malthus is best known for his writings about

A.	population and the food supply.	C.	the struggle between the classes.
B.	utilitarianism.	D.	the “law of wages”.

105.

Robert Owen was a Utopian who supported

A.	labor unions.	C.	communism.
B.	stricted laws.	D.	private ownership.

106.

Two goals of communism are to

A.	close factories & outlaw large families.	C.	build larger factories & grant universal suffrage.
B.	end capitalism & create a classless society.	D.	learn laissez-faire economics & reduce government control.

107.

Japan lacked many basic resources, yet it industrialized rapidly after 1868 because

A.	Japanese business leaders had a great deal of wealth to invest.
B.	Japanese political leaders placed a high priority on modernization.
C.	Japanese engineers developed superior technology.
D.	many British engineers came to Japan and set up industries there.

108.

Today’s electric generators work on the same principle as the dynamo invented by

A.	Thomas Edison.	C.	Michael Faraday.
B.	Benjamin Franklin.	D.	Guglielmo Marconi.

109.

A production method in which workers repeatedly perform one task in the manufacturing process is called

A.	interchangeable parts.	C.	cottage industry.
B.	the Bessemer process.	D.	the assembly line.

110.

The population of Europe exploded between 1800 and 1900 in large part because

A.	couples had more children.
B.	medical advances reduced the death rate.
C.	cities eliminated slums.
D.	couples started families at a younger age.

111.

The purpose of Normal Schools was to train students to be

A.	doctors.	C.	good wives.
B.	priests.	D.	teachers.

112.

Englishman John Dalton made an important breakthrough in chemistry by showing that

A.	atoms exist within the periodic table.
B.	all atoms are basically alike.
C.	each element has its own kind of atoms.
D.	elements can be grouped according to their atomic weights.

113.

An artist of the mid-1800s who portrayed the harsh lives of slum dwellers was probably using what artistic style?

A.	realism	C.	neoclassicism
B.	impressionism	D.	romanticism

114.

Russia did not industrialize as soon as other countries because it lacked

A.	expertise.	C.	technology.
B.	capital.	D.	political stability.

115.

The technology for America’s first textile factory came from

A.	Japan.	C.	Germany.
B.	Britain.	D.	France.

116.

The Bessemer process was a method for producing

A.	electricity.	C.	identical components.
B.	textiles.	D.	steel.

117.

What invention did the internal combustion engine make possible?

A.	the steamboat	C.	the telegraph
B.	the Wright Brothers’ flying machine	D.	Faraday’s electric motor

118.

What contribution to medical science did German doctor Robert Koch make in the 1880s?

A.	He identified the bacteria that causes tuberculosis.
B.	He traced malaria to the mosquito.
C.	He developed a process called pasteurization.
D.	He developed a cure for yellow fever.

119.

Who discovered that sterilizing surgical instruments with antiseptics would help prevent infection?

A.	Florence Nightingale	C.	Louis Pasteur
B.	Joseph Lister	D.	Robert Koch

120.

Reformers in what movement argued that the use of alcoholic beverages harmed family life and reduced worker productivity?

A.	temperance	C.	suffrage
B.	abolition	D.	social gospel

121.

Which of the following were writers of the realism movement?

A.	Edgar Degas and Georges Seurat
B.	William Wordsworth and Percy Bysshe Shelley
C.	Gustave Courbet and Thomas Eakins
D.	Charles Dickens and Victor Hugo

122.

The first European country outside of Britainto industrialize was

A.	Italy	C.	Belgium
B.	France	D.	Germany

123.

The main purpose for selling stock was to allow companies to raise

A.	prices	C.	capital
B.	production	D.	wages

124.

To explain the long, slow process of evolution, Charles Darwin proposed the theory of

A.	Social Darwinism	C.	imperialism
B.	natural domesticity	D.	natural selection

125.

A pioneer of hospital care, safety, and hygiene was

A.	Robert Koch	C.	Louis Pasteur
B.	Florence Nightingale	D.	Louis Sullivan

126.

Louis Daguerre was a pioneer in the field of

A.	photography	C.	painting
B.	drama	D.	the novel

127.

Which group of artists tried to capture the human eye’s first perception of a scene?

A.	realists dramatists	C.	impressionist artists
B.	romantic photographers	D.	romantic painters

128.

In the 1830s, Prussia created a union called the Zollverein, which promoted German unity by

A.	establishing German as the official language.
B.	establishing Frederick William IV as king of a united German state.
C.	removing tariff barriers between German states.
D.	banding together to fight Napoleon’s invading forces.

129.

In Bismarck’s practice of Realpolitik, his political actions were guided by

A.	the needs of the people.	C.	the principle of divine right.
B.	traditional morality.	D.	the needs of the state.

130.

The Dual Monarchy was a combination of

A.	Austria and Germany.	C.	Austria and Hungary.
B.	Germany and France.	D.	Germany and Hungary.

131.

Tsar Alexander III launched a program of “Russification”, in which he

A.	emancipated the serfs.
B.	introduced legal reforms, such as trial by jury.
C.	suppressed non-Russian cultures within the empire.
D.	secured foreign investment to develop Russian industry.

132.

After the defeat of Napoleon I, the Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation headed by

A.	Russia.	C.	Austria.
B.	Prussia.	D.	Hungary.

133.

Bismarck became the king’s highest official when he assumed the title of

A.	prime minister.	C.	president.
B.	kaiser.	D.	chancellor.

134.

In the Kulturkampf, Bismarck’s goal was to

A.	unify the Germans and Austrians.
B.	reduce the power of the socialists.
C.	reduce the power of the Catholic Church.
D.	increase his power over the monarch.

135.

During the struggle for Italian unification, the “Red Shirts” were forces made up of

A.	anarchists.	C.	socialists.
B.	nationalists.	D.	monarchists.

136.

In 1859, Camillo Cavour provoked a war between Sardinia and Austria because

A.	he wanted to end Austrian power in Italy.
B.	the Austrian king had insulted a Sardinian ambassador.
C.	German forces would fight for Sardinia against Austria.
D.	Austrian assassins had attacked Victor Emmanuel.

137.

By the 1800s Russian tsars saw the need to modernize, but they resisted because they thought reforms would

A.	undermine their absolute rule.	C.	undermine their industrial might.
B.	slow the pace of westernization.	D.	hold back revolutionary reforms.

138.

Bloody Sunday served as a turning point in Russia because

A.	it strengthened the tsar’s power.
B.	it led to Japan’s triumph over Russia.
C.	it caused the people to lose faith in the tsar.
D.	it marked the beginning of World War I.

139.

In 1848, supporters of German political unity

A.	supported German attacks against Napoleon.	C.	voted to proclaim Bismarck emperor of all Germany.
B.	stopped a war between Prussia & Schleswig & Holstein.	D.	Offered the throne of a united Germany to the Prussian ruler, Frederick-William IV.

140.

Which statement best describes Bismarck’s Realpolitik?

A.	Power is more important than principles.	C.	Power grows out of economic cooperation.
B.	Power must be earned from the good will of the people.	D.	Power is not possible in democratic countries.

141.

During its unification, Prussia fought wars against

A.	Austria & France	C.	France & Britain
B.	Austria & Russia	D.	Russia & Britain

142.

One of the factors that helped Germany unify was

A.	a shrinking population	C.	a disciplined military
B.	the Catholic church	D.	plentiful coal and iron ore deposits

143.

What ended Otto von Bismarck’s career as Chancellor of Germany?

A.	William II asked him to resign	C.	He was assassinated
B.	William II abdicated the throne	D.	He became a Catholic

144.

Why did Bismarck strike out against Socialists & the Catholic church?

A.	He feared they would not support his reform measures	C.	He thought they posed a threat to the new German state
B.	He thought they would unite to form a powerful political party	D.	He feared that they would leave Germany

145.

After the Congress of Vienna, Italy was controlled by

A.	Spanish & Catholic monarchs	C.	Prince Metternich & Giuseppe Mazzini
B.	Giuseppe Garibaldi & Camillo Cavour	D.	Hapsburg & Bourbon monarchs

146.

Camillo Cavour’s long-term goal was to

A.	end Austria’s power in Italy	C.	make Sardinia Italy’s capital
B.	end Prussia’s power in Italy	D.	stimulate industry

147.

What event signaled that Italy was at last a united nation?

A.	French withdrawl from Rome in 1870	C.	the crowning of Victor Emmanuel II in 1861
B.	the final defeat of Garibaldi’s Red Shirts in 1860	D.	Cavour’s victorious return in 1858

148.

By what nickname was the Ottoman empire known?

A.	the powder keg of Europe	C.	the sick man of Europe
B.	the Dual Monarchy	D.	the Balkans

149.

For centuries, Russian tsars

A.	favored social reforms	C.	supported industrialization
B.	ruled with absolute power	D.	dreamed of freeing the serfs

150.

What event brought an end to reform in 19th Century Russia?

A.	the assassination of Alexander II	C.	the victory over Britain in the Crimean war
B.	the victory over Japan in the 1904 war	D.	the rapid industrialization of Russia